Calcium (Ca2+) ions are the main communication signal between the cells. Found in the intracellular and external fluids, they play a key role in cell signal transmission after entering the cytoplasm—featuring the effect of allosteric regulatory proteins on various enzymes and proteins in the body.
The second signal transmission resulting from activated ion or indirect signal transmission channels (i.e., G protein-coupled receptors) helps to transmit information between the cells and facilitate the gene transfer effect. That said, research has found that calcium ions’ intracellular concentration is generally about 100 nM, which is...