Calcium (Ca²⁺) ions are the main communication signal between the cells. Found in the intracellular and external fluids, they play a key role in cell signal transmission after entering the cytoplasm—featuring the effect of allosteric regulatory proteins on various enzymes and proteins in the body.

 The second signal transmission resulting from activated ion or indirect signal transmission channels (i.e., G protein-coupled receptors) helps to transmit information between the cells and facilitate the gene transfer effect. That said, research has found that calcium ions’ intracellular concentration is generally about 100 nM, which is...

The bones are our largest reservoirs of calcium, containing about 99% of the calcium found in the body. Calcium—in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂)—is also found in the teeth, in the circulatory system, in the muscles, and in other tissues. But how much do we really know about the stuff?

Calcium plays a crucial role in the body. The vital mineral helps to regulate the blood vessels, oversees our hormone production, and is key to our intracellular signaling—or the way the cells communicate. It’s also involved in our muscle...

Our bones are the largest reservoirs of calcium, harboring most of the calcium in our bodies (about 99%) in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite. Calcium is also found in teeth, the circulatory system, extracellular fluid, muscles and other tissues. It plays crucial roles such as regulating the tone of the blood vessels, production of hormones, intracellular signaling (communication of information within body cells), muscle contraction, nerve communication, among other functions.

Because of this critical role played by calcium, its normal blood concentration is tightly controlled by the body to a level of...